African Elephant Facts

African Elephant Facts The African elephant (Loxodonta africana and Loxodonta cyclotis) is the biggest land creature on earth. Found in sub-Saharan Africa, this glorious herbivore is referred to for its striking physical adjustments just as its knowledge. Quick Facts: African Elephants Logical Name: Loxodonta africana and Loxodonta cyclotisCommon Names: African elephant: savannah elephant or shrub elephant and woodland elephantBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 8â€13 feet tall, length of 19â€24 feetWeight: 6,000â€13,000 poundsLifespan: 60â€70 yearsDiet: HerbivoreHabitat: Sub-Saharan AfricaPopulation: 415,000Conservation Status: Vulnerable Portrayal There are two subspecies of African elephant: savanna or shrub elephant (Loxodonta africana) and woodland elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis). African shrubbery elephants are lighter dim, bigger, and their tusks bend outwards; the timberland elephant is darker dim in shading and has tusks that are straighter and point descending. Woods elephants make up around 33% to one-fourth of the complete elephant populace in Africa. Elephants have various adjustments that help them to endure. Fluttering their enormous ears empowers them to chill off in blistering climate, and their huge size dissuades predators. The elephants long trunk arrives at food sources situated in any case blocked off spots, and the trunks are additionally utilized in correspondence and vocalization. Their tusks, which are upper incisors that keep on developing all through their lifetimes, can be utilized to strip vegetation and burrow to get food. Natural surroundings and Range African elephants are found all through sub-Saharan Africa, where they regularly live in fields, forests, and backwoods. They tend not to be regional, and they meander enormous ranges through a few living spaces and across universal fringes. They are found in thick woods, open and shut savannas, fields, and in the deserts of Namibia and Mali. They go between the northern tropics toward the southern calm zones in Africa and are found at the seas sea shores and on mountain inclines and heights wherever in the middle. Elephants are natural surroundings modifiers or biological architects that genuinely modify their surroundings influencing the assets and changing the environments. They push over, debark, break branches and stems, and evacuate trees, which causes changes in tree stature, shelter spread, and species structure. Studies have indicated that the progressions produced by the elephants are entirely useful to the biological system, making an expansion in absolute biomass (up to multiple times the first), an expansion in nitrogen in the substance of new leaves, just as an expansion in living space multifaceted nature and food accessibility. The net impact is a multilayered shade and a continuum of leaf biomass supporting their own and different species. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/poDXXeSbgisN3RrVPAz8TuHOBpc=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-907760928-6cfe4be526cf4d35acd35c03fb8afa60.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/R_oGB0ZnkCOM3K3bvSNob6USY84=/1380x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-907760928-6cfe4be526cf4d35acd35c03fb8afa60.jpg 1380w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/H3aBnRZhh8jT-iLLrkbrkdPTBLg=/2460x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-907760928-6cfe4be526cf4d35acd35c03fb8afa60.jpg 2460w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/lyQQM2KmfJCzR8LemKUAR9xM4YM=/4622x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-907760928-6cfe4be526cf4d35acd35c03fb8afa60.jpg 4622w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Hs3LiZfO2EFxJeaCZIAXkvJ3tjA=/4622x1974/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-907760928-6cfe4be526cf4d35acd35c03fb8afa60.jpg src=//:0 alt=Panoramic Shot Of Elephants On Field Against Sky class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-13 information following container=true />  Edwin Godinho/EyeEm / Getty Images Diet Both subspecies of African elephants are herbivores, and the greater part of their eating routine (65 percent to 70 percent) comprises of leaves and bark. They will likewise eat a wide assortment of plants, including grass and organic product: Elephants are mass feeders and require a colossal measure of food to endure, expending an expected 220â€440 pounds of forageâ daily. Access to a changeless wellspring of water is basic most elephants drink habitually, and they have to get water in any event once like clockwork. Elephant mortality is very high in dry season influenced districts. Conduct Female African elephants structure matriarchal groupings. The predominant female is the authority and the leader of the gathering, and the remainder of the gathering comprises essentially of the females posterity. Elephants utilize low-recurrence thundering sounds to impart inside their groupings. Interestingly, male African elephants are for the most part lone and itinerant. They briefly partner with various matriarchal gatherings as they look for mating accomplices. Guys evaluate every others physical ability by play-battling with each other. Male elephants conduct is connected to their musth period, which ordinarily happens during winter. During musth, male elephants discharge a slick substance called temporin from their fleeting organs. Their testosterone levels are as much as multiple times higher than typical during this period. Elephants in musth can get forceful and rough. The specific transformative reason for musth isn't conclusively known, however look into proposes that it might be connected to the statement and rearrangement of predominance. Propagation and Offspring Elephants are polyandrous and polygamous; mating happens all year, at whatever point females are in estrus. They bring forth one or once in a while two live youthful about once like clockwork. Development periods are around 22 months in length. Infants weigh somewhere in the range of 200 and 250 pounds each. They are weaned following 4 months despite the fact that they may keep on accepting milk from the moms as a feature of their eating routine for as long as three years. Youthful elephants are tended by the mother and different females in the matriarchal gathering. They become completely autonomous at eight years old. Female elephants arrive at sexual development at around 11 years old; guys at 20. The life expectancy of an African elephant is ordinarily somewhere in the range of 60 and 70 years. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/hbdnOq8uScZpJkcvL0O2fixVb4k=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-535980354-160f446f96234c199878848811a0aa74.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/B2Y1sjdHqGFYTL1zu_M2wAWxk_M=/481x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-535980354-160f446f96234c199878848811a0aa74.jpg 481w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/6sSULtqFw1GDtoGPZnXtt6-4g0U=/662x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-535980354-160f446f96234c199878848811a0aa74.jpg 662w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/gFhieqau6bFv5Gu10shTQT3zHXE=/1024x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-535980354-160f446f96234c199878848811a0aa74.jpg 1024w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/rv41zmvCcTWcuWCy-o5fr70qlmw=/1024x679/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-535980354-160f446f96234c199878848811a0aa74.jpg src=//:0 alt=Baby Elephant at Virunga National Park class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-29 information following container=true />  Patrick Robert - Corbisâ /Getty Images Misguided judgments Elephants are darling animals, however they arent in every case completely comprehended by people. Misguided judgment: Elephants drink water through their trunks. Truth: While elephants utilize their trunks in the drinking procedure, they dont drink through it. Rather, they utilize the storage compartment to scoop water into their mouths.Misconception: Elephants fear mice. Truth: While elephants might be surprised by the shooting development of mice, they have not been demonstrated to have a particular dread of mice.Misconception: Elephants grieve their dead. Truth: Elephants show an enthusiasm for the remaining parts of their dead, and their communications with those remaining parts frequently appear to be ceremonial and enthusiastic. Be that as it may, researchers have not yet decided the exact reason for this grieving procedure, nor have they decided how much elephants get demise. Dangers The primary dangers to the proceeded with presence of elephants on our planet are poaching, living space misfortune, and environmental change. Notwithstanding in general populace misfortune, poaching expels a greater part of bulls beyond 30 years old and females beyond 40 years old. Creature specialists accept that the loss of more seasoned females is especially intense, as it impacts the informal organizations of elephant crowds. More seasoned females are the stores of biological information who show calves where and how to discover food and water. In spite of the fact that there is proof that their interpersonal organizations are rebuilt after the loss of the more seasoned females, stranded calves will in general leave from their natal center gatherings and kick the bucket alone. Poaching has diminished with the establishment of universal laws forbidding them, yet it continues to be a danger to these creatures. Protection Status The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) groups African elephants as powerless, while the ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System orders them as undermined. As per the Great Elephant Census of 2016, there are around 350,000 African savanna elephants situated in 30 nations. Somewhere in the range of 2011 and 2013, in excess of 100,000 elephants were murdered, for the most part by poachers looking for their tusks for ivory. The African Wildlife Foundation gauges there are 415,000 African elephants in 37 nations,

Venezuela Kyoto Protocol Refusal free essay sample

Venezuela is a country rising up out of the defilement of two century’s tormented by ravenous military despot and bleeding transformations that left several thousands dead. During the 21st century Venezuela in the long run turned into a just country when its first equitably chose president, Romulo Gallegos, in which he governed until 1947. The remainder of the military overthrows put him out of office and landed Perez Jimenez, the degenerate force monger just exacerbated the debasement inside the previously battling country. After ten years Jimenez was booted and the law based decisions returned and Venezuela. Since the time 145 Venezuela has been perceived as a Democratic Nation by the United Nations. Oil had been one of Venezuela’s top fare since the Oil Crisis of 1973 where Oil costs multiplied and made a financial blast, wherein Venezuela came to understand the genuine capability of the monstrous stores of â€Å"Black Gold† that laid in hold up under the dirt. Venezuela is positioned in the best ten for unrefined petroleum makers on the planet. We will compose a custom article test on Venezuela Kyoto Protocol Refusal or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In 2009 alone Venezuela traded $57. 6 billion worth of oil. In 2004 Ana Elisa Osorio, the countries priest of the Environment and Natural Resources, marked the Kyoto Protocol, with the goal of diminishing ozone depleting substance discharge to 5% beneath there past green house emanations in 1990. The Prime Minister reported the production of new divisions (Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources (MARN), Energy and Mines, Planning and Development, Agriculture and Lands, Infrastructure, just as the national oil organization, Petroleos de Venezuela ) to help with observing the decline in discharges. Despite the fact that this was a valiant endeavor by the UN to set a standard of greener living it was somewhat unrealistic. Venezuela has such a huge, rich amount of oil that it was hard to decrease the business provided that it needed to be a worldwide rival on the planet showcase it couldn’t delayed down on its greatest moneymaker. So oil creation in the long run expanded during the time under the Kyoto convention, and coincidently so did Venezuelan green house gas emanations. Discharges changed between lows of 5. 1 and highs of 7. 6 metric huge amounts of CO2. At the point when 2008 moved around Venezuela had dropped from 6. 2 MT to an even 6 MT demonstrating a drop of 3% in ozone harming substance emanations. This wasn’t the objective however it was as yet maintained an amazing business development which for the most part torment Latin American countries. In light of the endeavors and results from 1990 to 2005 I cannot suggest that Venezuela participate in the re-endorsement of the Kyoto Protocol. A decrease of 10% outflows is an inaccessible objective, and will just turn out to be counter beneficial in the endeavors set forth to improve the Venezuelan economy. We would be battling against our most grounded wellspring of salary to conciliate a few preservationists at the UN. We emphatically bolster an ever-developing green word, and have separated off practically 33% of our profile differing woods to National Parks alongside 70% under a preservation management, so this isn't a hit to our connection transport with earth since that is something that is treasured by each Venezuelan. It just implies that carefully it is an imprudent choice and will just adversely influence the nation.

PSAT Concordances and National Merit

When College Board published the initial PSAT concordance in PSAT/NMSQT Understanding Scores 2015 in January 2016, it  labeled the tables  preliminary. It appears that they are on the verge of publishing the â€Å"final† version. Word was that it would arrive on June 3, but the College Board website has not been updated. A reader interested in the impact on National Merit cutoffs was kind enough to send along an advance copy last week. This analysis is based on that copy. Should the final version prove different, I will publish an update as soon as possible. The new document  is not a Rosetta stone for National Merit Semifinalist  cutoffs for the class of 2017. In fact, it does a poorer job in comparing scores at the top  percentiles than did the January concordance.  Had the May version been released with PSAT scores, it would have set cutoff expectations far too high. [The concordances are not used by NMSC to determine cutoffs; they are only useful for making estimates.] If you are expecting to glean new information about NMSF cutoffs from the latest document, I’d urge you to resume your regularly scheduled work. If you want to dive into some of the ways of interpreting the new data  and ways in which the conflicting PSAT and SAT concordances are at odds, please read on. Understanding (May update) is notable in what did not change. All of the percentile information is the same as that released in January. Frankly, there was no expectation that College Board would update the percentiles. It has said that it intends to stick with the research study percentiles for both the PSAT and SAT. When October 2016 PSAT results are returned, College Board will include true October 2015 percentiles. Until that time, PSAT percentiles are flawed and should be treated as nothing more than gross indicators. The reported standard error of measurement has gone up modestly in the latest version of Understanding (from 42 points to 46 points on total score). It quickly became obvious that the updated concordance tables are not the result of a separate, in-depth equipercentile concordance of old PSAT and new PSAT. Rather, they represent the new SAT concordances lopped off at end of the PSAT score ranges. This is true for test scores, section scores, and Selection Index. Below is the concordance of the 60 to 240 Selection Index scores (600 to 2400 CR+M+W SAT scores) to new PSAT and SAT scores. Note that the green and orange lines — PSAT (May update) and SAT — follow the exact same path until the PSAT hits a wall at its maximum score of 1520. A note on comparing total scores and Selection Index. One difficulty in using National Merit data to judge the accuracy of the concordances is that there is no concordance of old Selection Index to new Selection Index. Instead, we must substitute the concordance of the old Selection Index to the new total score. Because the Selection Index weights the verbal component at twice the math component, the split matters. A 1440 made up of 720 EBRW and 720 Math has a new Selection Index of 216. A 1440 made up of 680 EBRW and 760 Math has a Selection Index of 212. The good news is that the gap between verbal and math scores has narrowed with the new test. On average, in fact, EBRW scores are higher on the PSAT than the Math scores. This is unprecedented. At the upper tail, though, we still see more high Math scores. For the convenience of presenting the information graphically, we will assume that EBRW and Math are split evenly. A note on the challenge of test scales and edge cases. Measuring student performance  across a wide score range is a challenging task. Test makers try to avoid overly long exams, but they must present enough questions at appropriate difficulty levels to accomplish their goals. Sometimes, a score range promises more than it can deliver. Even though the PSAT covered easier material than the SAT and was a shorter test, a perfect score on a section was still an 80 and a perfect test a 240. Correcting this scale overreach  is one of the reasons why it made sense to reconsider PSAT scoring and establish it on a 160-760 range (48-228 Selection Index). To some degree, scores are stretched or truncated on virtually every standardized test with fixed endpoints. A perfect raw score on a harder SAT form might actually equate to an 820 were the scale allowed to run free. Instead, it is truncated at 800. Without the demand of a fixed endpoint, a perfect raw score on an easier form might be more accurately presented as a 780. It must be stretched to an 800. The artifacts of this kneading can be seen when looking at the raw-to-scaled score tables of the old PSAT. There was often a precipitous drop-off in score with the first missed question or two or three. These drops are the tell-tale signs of a scale that has been stretched to the breaking point. Raw ScoreMathWriting 3980 388078 377673 367372 357170 346968 336865 The new PSAT concordance dead ends just when things are getting really interesting on the SAT. A 1520 on the new SAT is concordant with a 2210 on the old. A 1600 compares to a 2390. Over that 80 point range, the concordant values increase by 180 points — the steepest rise across the entire scale. I find this rapid rise — likely due to the stretching that often occurs near the endpoints of a score range —  about as unlikely as the hard cap the PSAT runs into at 1520 / 221. The wild ride  of the blue line at the low end of the range is an example of what can happen when data is thin or when scores are forced to fit specific endpoints. The concordance lurches  upward because few students achieve the lowest scores on the new PSAT. The lack of a guessing penalty means that even modestly test savvy students can score in the 500s with ease.  The May version implies  a much smoother roll-on. Its hard to know which version is right. Given the scoring rules of the new test, the quick-off-the-line nature of the January concordance seems far more likely.   Without more technical information, it’s not clear that the lower ranges should have even been reported. Inappropriately compared scores can be worse than no comparison at all. This is why you will not see an ACT to SAT concordance go below an 11 ACT Composite. College Board, in contrast, accounts for every point value along the new and old score ranges in its old-to-redesigned concordances. â€Å"In evaluating the results of an equipercentile concordance, it is vital to note that the equipercentile function does not directly take into account the number of observations at individual score points. [Concordance] results might be unstable at score points where very few examinees score, even though we might have a very large sample size overall.† Mary Pommerich, Concordance: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Linking and Aligning Scores and Scales. Neil Dorans, Mary Pommerich Paul Holland (Eds.). (2007). How well do the concordances match the actual data? The SAT concordance has far more long-term import than the PSAT/NMSQT concordance, but the latter has the advantage of an entire cohort having already taken the exam. The SAT will not be in the same situation until spring  2017.   College Board has released little actual PSAT data (most is from sample studies), but a number of critical points have leaked out. The high end of the score range has the greatest import for National Merit purposes. This also means that we can flip things around and use what we know about National Merit and the National Hispanic Recognition Program  to assess the accuracy of the concordance versions. Some of the problems faced are familiar.  Given that any new PSAT or SAT concordance was derived from pilot studies of modest sizes and questionable provenance, it’s not surprising that there would be questions about the alignment of low and high scores. The edge cases are particularly impacted by low sample sizes.  When looking at the case of  National Merit Semifinalists, it seems unlikely that College Board was able to sufficiently sample the population. NMSF cutoffs in the most competitive states are nothing if not edge cases. Even the heartiest of sample sizes starts to go grow thin as scores approach 223, 224, or 225 on the new PSAT. For Selection Index scores in the 180 200 range on the old PSAT, the May concordance performs similarly to or better than  the January concordance. As scores increase, however, the two concordances diverge. Hitched to the SAT concordance, the May version does not behave well as it approaches the top of the PSAT range. A critical point is the Commended level for National Merit because it reflects a very similar group of students year-to-year. For the October 2014 test (class of 2016), the cutoff was 202. For the October 2015 test (class of 2017), the cutoff is  209. The January concordance (blue) would have predicted a new cutoff of approximately 207. The May concordance would imply a cutoff of 213. Advantage January. Still higher up the scale, partial  data in Texas and California suggest National Merit Semifinalist cutoffs for the class of 2017 in the 218-220 and 219-221  range for those states (which had cutoffs of  220 and 223 for the class of 2016). The January concord ance fits well with these estimates. The May final concordance would predict NMSF cutoffs of 226 and 228 for Texas and California. These figures are comically out of tune with actual results. If the newer concordance were to be believed, students with perfect scores would take all of the National Merit Semifinalist spots in New Jersey, Massachusetts, California, Virginia, Maryland, and District of Columbia. Another seven states would have Semifinalists with 1500 total scores (approximately 225 Selection Index) or higher. These results are not  correct. The new concordance overestimates — probably by several hundred percent — the number of students receiving perfect scores, for example. How different are the January and May PSAT concordances? New PSAT Total ScoreOld PSAT SI Jan ConcordanceOld PSAT SI May Concordance Difference 152023922118 150023321716 148022621313 146022020911 14402142068 14202092027 14002061997 13001911829 12001721675 11001541513 10001381362 The table  above uses the old PSAT Selection Index as a measuring stick to show how the difference between the two concordances grows at the high end of the score range. Compass research shows that the earlier concordance is more trustworthy in this range. Nothing is Real What confuses many interpreters is the assumption that the May concordance — being final — is  based on actual PSAT results. This is far from the case. No College Board concordance for the new PSAT or SAT is based on operational data! There are a number of sound, practical reasons for this. For concordance results to be useful, they must be generalizable. Strong concordances such as the old SAT to ACT linkage are built on large numbers of students taking tests at similar times under similar, operational conditions. March SAT students  do not fit this mold  because they are not representative of the full cohort of the class of 2017. Those testers also having  recent  old SAT scores would be an even less apt group. There would also be a strong bias given the fact that the new SAT would, in all cases, have been taken after the old SAT. Similarly, no students were taking operational old and new PSATs in a way that would meet the appropriate  conditions. Instead, College Board had to create study samples that it hoped would  model overall  results. In some cases this involved convincing schools to offer sample  tests to their students outside of the actual test dates. In other cases, this involved paying college students to take tests. Its not hard to imagine the logistical and statistical challenges involved in these sorts of studies. Yet College Board seemed to do a good job with this in the January concordance. Where it has taken a wrong turn is in letting the SAT concordance drive the bus.  The old PSAT is not the old SAT. The new PSAT is not the new SAT. The concordances should be based on the conditions specific to each exam. In the big picture, a PSAT concordance has a limited audience. Although useful for school districts and states for longitudinal research, concordant PSAT scores will not be used by any college for admission purposes. National Merit Scholarship Corporation has no need of a concordance in determining cutoffs. By the time next year’s scores come out, virtually no sophomore or junior will have old PSAT scores in need of comparison. Nor is it mission critical for College Board that PSAT scores be directly comparable to ACT scores. All of this points to why — once the SAT concordance was ready — the PSAT concordance would be swallowed up whole. It was as much a political decision as a psychometric one. Were College Board to leave the PSAT concordance independent of the SAT concordance, there would be ongoing confusion about which concordance was definitive. A polite way of describing the PSAT concordance is â€Å"aspirational.† It conforms with the most desirabl e outcome, not necessarily the most accurate one. â€Å"Since the redesigned PSAT/NMSQT is scaled to the redesigned SAT, some small adjustments to the PSAT/NMSQT concordance may be necessary once the scaling of the redesigned SAT is final in March 2016.† College Board  Guide to Concordance, October 2015 The College Board quote above seems like a reasonable hedge about PSAT results. The problem is that it makes little logical  sense. In order to distinguish the new, vertical scale established in May, let me abbreviate it as scale-VM.   No PSAT/NMSQT has ever been given or scored under scale-VM. The October 2015 PSAT was created and graded prior to scale-VM. The January concordance was created prior to scale-VM. The old SAT was obviously created before scale-VM. Every single data point was fixed before the scale-VM was â€Å"finalized.† One of the points of a concordance is that it avoids concerns over scales. College Board didnt have to worry about what grading standards or scaling were used by ACT during their joint concordance study in 2005  because student scores determined the results.  The notion of using scale-VM as the basis of a PSAT concordance is a political fiction. It does not fit the actual data; it merely clarifies which concordance College Board has ch osen as its future. Why such a fuss over a conversion table? My research started with the simple mission of seeing what information the new concordance might provide about National Merit scores. I was asked a question about the new tables, and I sought an answer. As I dug deeper, though, I grew uncomfortable with the way the new concordance was being presented. There may not be a more successful concordance than that between the old SAT and the ACT. Its history goes back more than 50 years and has involved some of the top experts in equating and linkages at College Board, ETS, and ACT. At each update, the concordance grew more sophisticated and the sample more representative. The 1997 concordance included over one-hundred thousand students. For the 2005 concordance, three times as many students were considered. Cooperation — always a sticking point with concordance of different tests by different companies — improved over time (although rarely without some kicking and screaming). The technical underpinnings have been openly researched and discussed. The correlations — and the differences — between the tests were understood. I mention all of this as a counterpoint to what we currently face with the new PSAT and SAT concordances. It is disconcerting to go back to the â€Å"bad old days† when concordances were prepared in secret and results simply presented as tables with inputs and outputs. We do not even know how well the old tests correlate with the new, let alone  answers to how the studies were performed, what participants were involved, and what level of error was accepted. I do not see evidence that the May concordance provides students with better information than did the January concordance. For above average scorers, the new concordance paints an overly pessimistic picture of how new scores compare with old. Most students are already on an SAT or ACT path (both for some), so the PSAT is in the rearview mirror. National Merit hopefuls are advised to ignore the May concordance. A repackaged SAT concordance is not a useful tool in analyzing 2015 PSAT/NMSQT scores.

Varting Effects of Drugs - 2964 Words

LITERATURE REVIEW PAPER Literature Review Paper Mitchell Adair Advanced General Psychology PSY492 A01 Argosy University 1 Each class of drugs has a property that is very distinguishing, and drugs that are within each class more than often produces effects that are similar. However, all substances that are controlled, despite of their class, share quite a few number of features that are common. This introduction will familiarize you with these features that are shared as well as define them in terms that are associated frequently with these drugs. All substances that are controlled have abuse that is potential or are precursors that†¦show more content†¦This definition is implying a loss of control in regards to drug use, and the addict will more than likely continue to use their drug of choice even though consequences that are social as well as medical arise. In the year of 2009, more than 20 million people in the United States who were the ages of 12 and older were current users of drugs that are illicit, meaning they had used the illicit drug during 30 days before the surveyed interview. This estimate represents more than 8 percent of the population that are the age of 12 and older. Drugs that are illicit include heroin, cocaine/crack, inhalants, hallucinogens, marijuana, psychotherapeutics that are prescription type not used medically. (USDHHS, 2010). Drugs that are within a certain class more than often compared with one another when it comes to terms such as efficacy as well as potency. When it comes to potency it is referring to the amount of a drug that must be taken in order to produce an effect that is desired, however efficacy refers to whether or not a drug has

America A Narrative History Summary Statements - 1505 Words

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New Growth Charts for Taiwanese Children and Adolescents Essay Example For Students

New Growth Charts for Taiwanese Children and Adolescents Essay New Growth Charts for Taiwanese Children and Adolescents Based on World Health Organization Standards and Health-Related Physical Fitness By Central Pediatric Neonatal SPEC ILL ART ICICLE New Growth Charts for Taiwanese Children and Adolescents Based on World Health Organization Standards and Health-related Physical Fitness Walter Chem.*, Me-Whew Change Department Of Pediatrics, China Medical University Begging Hospital, Yule and China Medical university College of Medicine. Attaching, Taiwan 2 Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan university Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan . Growth Charts Received: July 19, 2009 Revised: Gauge 12, 2009 Accepted: Gauge 17, 2009 KEY WORDS: body mass index; growth charts; health-related physical fitness; Taiwanese children; World Health Organization standards Children are not small adults. Growth (changes in size of the body as a whole or of its separate parts) and development (changes of function) consist of unique processes from birth to adulthood. We will write a custom essay on New Growth Charts for Taiwanese Children and Adolescents specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Growth charts for height, weight and body mass index (IBM) are indispensable tools for both pediatricians and healthcare providers. They constitute not only the basic tools required for clinical evaluation, UT are also useful for the purposes of public health and preventive medicine On May 8, 2003 the Bureau of Health Promotion, Department of Health (DOD), officially launched new growth charts for infants and pre-school children in Taiwan. 1 These new growth charts, unlike previous population-based ones, were adapted from the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards for 0-5 years of age. This report briefly describes the new methods (criterion- based approach) used to construct these standards and compares the new growth charts with the old ones. We also propose growth charts for children and adolescents over 5 years of age in Taiwan. 2. Old Growth curves Previous measurements of height and weight were generally conducted by sampling the entire population. Following the rapid economic development in Taiwan and the associated increases in the standard of living and social wellbeing of its people, survey results have shown that child growth trends have also gradually increased each year. The reference growth charts previously *Corresponding author. Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Begging Hospital, Yule and China Medical University College Of Medicine, gal. House-Shih Road, Attaching 40402, Taiwan. E-mail: [emailprotected] Com 02010 Taiwan Pediatric Association 70 used in Taiwan were based on the combined data from two population-based surveys: the DOD (survey by stratified sampling of children from 0?6 years of age) and the Ministry of Education (nationwide survey of students). When these data were compared with those from the 2000 National Center for Health Statistics (INCH), LISA, it was found that the weight of boys aged 7-15 years in Taiwan was higher by an average of 1 keg, while the height was lower by 2. 3 CM,3 These differences have raised several questions: (1) Is the method tot sampling from he entire population acceptable, especially when the prevalence of childhood obesity has rapidly increased in recently years, (2) does the scaled ref erence agree with the real standard? W, Chin, b. l. H. Change morbidity rates. These approaches not only differ significantly from the previous population-based approach (also known as the descriptive but also focus on how children should grow, rather than on how they grew in a particular time and place. 4. Growth Standards and References In April 2006, the WHO released new standards for assessing the growth Of children from birth to 5 years of age. These new standards were the product Of a previous project that included a longitudinal follow Of 882 infants from birth to 24 months and a cross-sectional component of 6669 children aged 18-71 months in six countries from diverse geographical regions, including Brazil, Ghana, India, Norway, Oman and the United States. The eligibility criteria were: single-term birth and no known significant morbidity, exclusive or predominant breastfeeding for at least 4 months, introduction of complementary foods by 6 months of age, no maternal smoking before or after delivery, and no know n lath or environmental constraints to growth. .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b , .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b .postImageUrl , .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b , .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b:hover , .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b:visited , .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b:active { border:0!important; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b:active , .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Macbeth - scenes 1 to 3 EssayHowever, as countries proceed with the implementation of the 2006 WHO growth standards for children under S years of age, the need to develop appropriate growth standards for school- aged children and adolescents has become more urgent. WHO experts agreed that a project similar to that responsible for the development of the 2006 WHO standards was not feasible because it was not possible to control the dynamics of the environment for these age groups. Experts therefore suggested using historical growth data that were stable in term of secular increments of height ND weight, and not subjected to the influences of overweight and obesity Due to a lack of existing data sets from various countries, WHO experts agreed to reconstruct the 1977 INCH/WHO growth reference for g years of age, using the original sample (a less obese sample of the expected height) and applying a new statistical method, to develop a 2007 WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Al Table 10,1 1 summarizes the characteristics of the two standards and the two references from the WHO and Taiwan. . Growth Standard With Criteria Although the results derived from population-based surveys seem unreasonable, he choice Of suitable criteria and samples presents a problem. In view Of the fact that a large proportion of infants are usually fed with infant formula, the current growth references derived from infants fed with formula should not reflect the health recommendations. In BIBB, the WHO convened an expert committee to discuss the appropriate growth patterns of healthy children; this resulted in the initiation of a project to develop growth standards for children worldwide. The characteristic features of this project were, (1) an approach that included maternal support for breast feeding and an unconstrained environment or optimal growth; (2) an international sampling trade; and (3) the use of modern statistical methods. 4,S It seems likely that a growth standard based on criteria for young children can be developed, but the application of these approaches to adolescents presents a greater challenge, To solve the problems associated with the presence of overweight and obese cases in the population and survey samples, Chin et AAA attempted to use health-related physical fitness as the screening criterion. Using four measures of physical fitness (800/1600- m run, standing longtime, curl-up, and sit-and-reach), the study collected eight, weight and IBM data from students whose results for each of the four fitness tests were all above the 25th percentile, and used these to construct the 2003 Taiwan growth curves. , 7 After reaching a consensus from the expert committee organized by the DOD, the growth curves hue now become the growth standards for school-aged children and adolescents in Taiwan and have been published on the website for public Else. 8 Criterion-based approaches, also known as prescriptive approaches,3 such as breastfeeding or health-related physical fitness, are identical to adult criteria that are based on mortality and .

Taobao Business Concept

The business concept of Taobao is to provide a B2C (business to consumer) and C2C (consumer to consumer) website where small businesses and individuals can carry out transactions securely.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Taobao Business Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The business model of Taobao is to initially provide its services for free to encourage user participation, and then to gradually monetize the service by charging premium clients a fee for listing their merchandise at the top of keyword search lists, and by providing pay-for-performance contracts to its premium clients, where sellers would pay a fee for successful transactions. Taobao does not specialize in products, as it is the client sellers who determine what they sell. Popular products traded on the site include clothes, mobile handsets, cosmetics and clothes (Oberholzer Gee, and Wulf 14). Taobao is a service oriented business, and its main service is providing a platform for buyers and sellers to trade. Taobao also allows users to access the Alipay payment service for free, and to communicate online through Taobao’s messaging service, Wangwang. Taobao’s marketplace is exclusively mainland China, as the site is constructed to cater to the needs of Chinese customers. Taobao currently makes money from the auction of keywords and from the pay-per-performance contracts on its premium service, Zhao Cai Jin Bao. The cost structure of Taobao was insubstantial, as the company had focused on building critical mass, with the intention of monetizing its services once it had acquired the dominant market share in China (Oberholzer Gee, and Wulf 14). However, judging from their gross merchandising volume (RMB 43 billion in 2007), Taobao has the ability to convert its market presence into a formidable revenue stream. So far Taobao is successful in terms of market share but its success has not been matched in reven ue terms. Its success in market domination was achieved by its tactics in the face of competition, in the international online auction site, eBay. Taobao managed to overcome its rival in China by catering to the social and commercial needs of its customers. eBay’s business model was designed for customers in markets such as the US.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However Taobao, a local Chinese business, knew that Chinese customers preferred a site which would enable them to do business in the Chinese way, through a combination of commerce and social networking. Despite these innovations, Taobao does not have significant revenues because it does not charge for its services, in a bid to attract customers from its competition. Nevertheless, the future looks bright, depending on the way in which Taobao monetizes its services. Taobao’s expansive network of customer s in China gives it good reasons to expect that it can reap maximum profits from its current client base. As stated earlier, Taobao has only started charging its premium service clients for use of the service, while other customers still use it for free. One aspect of Taobao which could hold it in good stead in the future is the use of social networking to increase trust between buyers and sellers on the site. The use of Wangwang to enable buyers and sellers to communicate with each other and the site in real time increased the popularity of the site. Such an innovation will create awareness about the site among the general public, encouraging people who do not usually trade online to begin doing so. All of this can be achieved at the current stage, without charging the majority of Taobao’s customers. Since Taobao has a virtual monopoly on e-commerce in the C2C segment in China, they can leverage this market presence into revenue. The demand for e-commerce is already well est ablished in China, and Taobao can successfully charge for it, as there is no comparable service by competitors. In this way, Taobao will reap the rewards of its efforts to capture the market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Taobao Business Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Work Cited Oberholzer Gee, Felix, and Julie Wulf. Alibaba’s Taobao. Boston: Harvard. Business School Publishing, 2009. 1-15. Print. This essay on Taobao Business Concept was written and submitted by user Nataly I. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.