Varting Effects of Drugs - 2964 Words

LITERATURE REVIEW PAPER Literature Review Paper Mitchell Adair Advanced General Psychology PSY492 A01 Argosy University 1 Each class of drugs has a property that is very distinguishing, and drugs that are within each class more than often produces effects that are similar. However, all substances that are controlled, despite of their class, share quite a few number of features that are common. This introduction will familiarize you with these features that are shared as well as define them in terms that are associated frequently with these drugs. All substances that are controlled have abuse that is potential or are precursors that†¦show more content†¦This definition is implying a loss of control in regards to drug use, and the addict will more than likely continue to use their drug of choice even though consequences that are social as well as medical arise. In the year of 2009, more than 20 million people in the United States who were the ages of 12 and older were current users of drugs that are illicit, meaning they had used the illicit drug during 30 days before the surveyed interview. This estimate represents more than 8 percent of the population that are the age of 12 and older. Drugs that are illicit include heroin, cocaine/crack, inhalants, hallucinogens, marijuana, psychotherapeutics that are prescription type not used medically. (USDHHS, 2010). Drugs that are within a certain class more than often compared with one another when it comes to terms such as efficacy as well as potency. When it comes to potency it is referring to the amount of a drug that must be taken in order to produce an effect that is desired, however efficacy refers to whether or not a drug has

America A Narrative History Summary Statements - 1505 Words

America a Narrative History: Summary Statements Chapter 2: 1. By 1600, England’s feudal system was nearing extinction, as a new family (Tudor’s) came to power and wanted support from the middleclass and the establishment of new liberties for Englishman (i.e. trial by jury and no arrest without a warrant), which resulted in a large amount of local and self initiative to prosper in the community: yet many beggars now existed, culminating in an increased need for colonial expansion both for personal prosperity and more space for the existing population. 2. The English colonists initially believed that they would discover fertile and mineral rich lands, similar to the Inca empire; however, instead, they found disease, starvation, and native populations who were sparse, thus, colonists had to largely create communities on their own, however, when they had relations with Indians, they exploited them for their game and corn. 3. Many colonies would not have survived if it wasn’t for the discovery and growing of tobacco, as this plant enabled the colonies to thrive, and even have a surplus of profit, therefore they could afford more servants, thus, creating a continuous travel of immigrants into the colony, overall creating stable colonies. 4. 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New Growth Charts for Taiwanese Children and Adolescents Essay Example For Students

New Growth Charts for Taiwanese Children and Adolescents Essay New Growth Charts for Taiwanese Children and Adolescents Based on World Health Organization Standards and Health-Related Physical Fitness By Central Pediatric Neonatal SPEC ILL ART ICICLE New Growth Charts for Taiwanese Children and Adolescents Based on World Health Organization Standards and Health-related Physical Fitness Walter Chem.*, Me-Whew Change Department Of Pediatrics, China Medical University Begging Hospital, Yule and China Medical university College of Medicine. Attaching, Taiwan 2 Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan university Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan . Growth Charts Received: July 19, 2009 Revised: Gauge 12, 2009 Accepted: Gauge 17, 2009 KEY WORDS: body mass index; growth charts; health-related physical fitness; Taiwanese children; World Health Organization standards Children are not small adults. Growth (changes in size of the body as a whole or of its separate parts) and development (changes of function) consist of unique processes from birth to adulthood. We will write a custom essay on New Growth Charts for Taiwanese Children and Adolescents specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Growth charts for height, weight and body mass index (IBM) are indispensable tools for both pediatricians and healthcare providers. They constitute not only the basic tools required for clinical evaluation, UT are also useful for the purposes of public health and preventive medicine On May 8, 2003 the Bureau of Health Promotion, Department of Health (DOD), officially launched new growth charts for infants and pre-school children in Taiwan. 1 These new growth charts, unlike previous population-based ones, were adapted from the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards for 0-5 years of age. This report briefly describes the new methods (criterion- based approach) used to construct these standards and compares the new growth charts with the old ones. We also propose growth charts for children and adolescents over 5 years of age in Taiwan. 2. Old Growth curves Previous measurements of height and weight were generally conducted by sampling the entire population. Following the rapid economic development in Taiwan and the associated increases in the standard of living and social wellbeing of its people, survey results have shown that child growth trends have also gradually increased each year. The reference growth charts previously *Corresponding author. Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Begging Hospital, Yule and China Medical University College Of Medicine, gal. House-Shih Road, Attaching 40402, Taiwan. E-mail: [emailprotected] Com 02010 Taiwan Pediatric Association 70 used in Taiwan were based on the combined data from two population-based surveys: the DOD (survey by stratified sampling of children from 0?6 years of age) and the Ministry of Education (nationwide survey of students). When these data were compared with those from the 2000 National Center for Health Statistics (INCH), LISA, it was found that the weight of boys aged 7-15 years in Taiwan was higher by an average of 1 keg, while the height was lower by 2. 3 CM,3 These differences have raised several questions: (1) Is the method tot sampling from he entire population acceptable, especially when the prevalence of childhood obesity has rapidly increased in recently years, (2) does the scaled ref erence agree with the real standard? W, Chin, b. l. H. Change morbidity rates. These approaches not only differ significantly from the previous population-based approach (also known as the descriptive but also focus on how children should grow, rather than on how they grew in a particular time and place. 4. Growth Standards and References In April 2006, the WHO released new standards for assessing the growth Of children from birth to 5 years of age. These new standards were the product Of a previous project that included a longitudinal follow Of 882 infants from birth to 24 months and a cross-sectional component of 6669 children aged 18-71 months in six countries from diverse geographical regions, including Brazil, Ghana, India, Norway, Oman and the United States. The eligibility criteria were: single-term birth and no known significant morbidity, exclusive or predominant breastfeeding for at least 4 months, introduction of complementary foods by 6 months of age, no maternal smoking before or after delivery, and no know n lath or environmental constraints to growth. .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b , .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b .postImageUrl , .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b , .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b:hover , .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b:visited , .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b:active { border:0!important; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b:active , .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u74a358a8ef6bf1d72e075d300369be7b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Macbeth - scenes 1 to 3 EssayHowever, as countries proceed with the implementation of the 2006 WHO growth standards for children under S years of age, the need to develop appropriate growth standards for school- aged children and adolescents has become more urgent. WHO experts agreed that a project similar to that responsible for the development of the 2006 WHO standards was not feasible because it was not possible to control the dynamics of the environment for these age groups. Experts therefore suggested using historical growth data that were stable in term of secular increments of height ND weight, and not subjected to the influences of overweight and obesity Due to a lack of existing data sets from various countries, WHO experts agreed to reconstruct the 1977 INCH/WHO growth reference for g years of age, using the original sample (a less obese sample of the expected height) and applying a new statistical method, to develop a 2007 WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Al Table 10,1 1 summarizes the characteristics of the two standards and the two references from the WHO and Taiwan. . Growth Standard With Criteria Although the results derived from population-based surveys seem unreasonable, he choice Of suitable criteria and samples presents a problem. In view Of the fact that a large proportion of infants are usually fed with infant formula, the current growth references derived from infants fed with formula should not reflect the health recommendations. In BIBB, the WHO convened an expert committee to discuss the appropriate growth patterns of healthy children; this resulted in the initiation of a project to develop growth standards for children worldwide. The characteristic features of this project were, (1) an approach that included maternal support for breast feeding and an unconstrained environment or optimal growth; (2) an international sampling trade; and (3) the use of modern statistical methods. 4,S It seems likely that a growth standard based on criteria for young children can be developed, but the application of these approaches to adolescents presents a greater challenge, To solve the problems associated with the presence of overweight and obese cases in the population and survey samples, Chin et AAA attempted to use health-related physical fitness as the screening criterion. Using four measures of physical fitness (800/1600- m run, standing longtime, curl-up, and sit-and-reach), the study collected eight, weight and IBM data from students whose results for each of the four fitness tests were all above the 25th percentile, and used these to construct the 2003 Taiwan growth curves. , 7 After reaching a consensus from the expert committee organized by the DOD, the growth curves hue now become the growth standards for school-aged children and adolescents in Taiwan and have been published on the website for public Else. 8 Criterion-based approaches, also known as prescriptive approaches,3 such as breastfeeding or health-related physical fitness, are identical to adult criteria that are based on mortality and .